Smaller over larger, for normals
and are independent standard normal random variables. Find
Fractions, decimals with at least 3 significant digits, and expressions such as sqrt(2)/2, e^-1 or pi/4.
The point has a uniformly distributed direction in the plane.
The ratio is the tangent of an angle that is uniform on .
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s Shown after a correct answer. Revealing it first marks the problem as seen, not solved.
Idea. The standard normal distribution in the plane is rotation invariant, so the angle of is uniform on . The ratio of the two values is the tangent of that angle, and the expectation becomes an elementary integral.
Step 1: the ratio. Let be the angle of the point with the horizontal axis. It is uniform on , and .
Step 2: the smaller over the larger. . By symmetry about , has the distribution of with uniform on . So
Step 3.
Compare. For two uniforms on the same quantity is . And the larger over the smaller has infinite expectation here: the ratio of two independent normals is a Cauchy variable, whose tails are too heavy.